SOVEREIGNTY, DIPLOMACY AND DEMOCRACY: THE CHANGING CHARACTER OF “INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATION” — FROM STATE TO SELF
https://doi.org/10.18611/2221-3279-2014-5-2(15-16)-4-27
Abstract
Addressing (the question of) a new diplomacy for the 21st century, Alan Henrikson reflects philosophically and historically upon a shift that may be occurring from the sovereign State, with ambassadors serving as formal representatives of entire nations, to the autonomous Self, with individual persons, employing social media, being able to represent themselves, and their group concerns, to the world. Will the Leviathan of Thomas Hobbes be replaced by the Facebook social graph as the pattern for the next world order? The traditional institutions of diplomacy—and professional diplomats—are being challenged, are now adapting, and are still vital to the making and carrying out of the international agreements needed if global issues are to be resolved.
About the Author
Alan K. Henrikson
Tufts University
United States
United States
Lee E. Dirks Professor of Diplomatic History and the Director of Diplomatic Studies at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
References
1. Adler-Nissen R. Late Sovereign Diplomacy //The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. 2009. 4. P. 121, 132.
2. Agnew J. Sovereignty Regimes: Territoriality and State Authority in Contemporary World Politics // Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1995. Vol. 95. № 2. P. 437-61.
3. Agnew J. Globalization and Sovereignty. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009.
4. Archibugi Daniele. Cosmopolitan Democracy and its Critics: A Review //European Journal of International Relations. 2004. Vol. 10. № 3. P. 461.
5. Aron R. Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations, trans. Richard Howard and Annette Baker Fox. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967. P. 97.
6. Berridge G. R. Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, 4th ed. Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Сh. 1 “The Ministry of Foreign Affairs.”
7. Cadieux M. The Canadian Diplomat: An Essay in Definition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962.
8. Callières F. On the Manner of Negotiating with Princes; on the Uses of Diplomacy; the Choice of Ministers and Envoys; and the Personal Qualities necessary for Success in Missions abroad. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. P. 7.
9. Castells M. Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society //International Journal of Communication. 2007. № 1. P. 238, 239, 247, 248.
10. Castells M. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity, 2012. P.230.
11. Castells M. The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance / Public Diplomacy in a Changing World / ed. Geoffrey Cowan and Nicholas J. Cull. // The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2008. 616. P. 89, 91.
12. Castells M. The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. P. 3.
13. Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., The Diplomat’s Dictionary (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1994), 97-110.
14. Cohen J., Eric Schmidt. Explore the Promise and Perils of Our Digital Future // The Chronicle: Newsletter of the Council on Foreign Relations. May 2013. P. 8.
15. Crane Verner W. Benjamin Franklin and a Rising People. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1954. P. 174; Isaacson W. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. P. 328.
16. Edward R. Murrow Center for Public Diplomacy. URL: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Murrow.
17. Entry on “sovereignty” / The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. II, Micropedia. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1986. P. 56.
18. Faizullaev A. Diplomacy and Symbolism // The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. 2013. 8. P. 91-114.
19. For VCDR’s origins, see Richard Langhorne, “The Regulation of Diplomatic Practice: The Beginnings to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961,” in Diplomacy, Vol. II, History of Diplomacy, ed. Christer Jönsson and Richard Langhorne (London and Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2004).
20. Gaddis, J.L.George F. Kennan: An American Life. New York: The Penguin Press, 2011.
21. Glasser S.B. The Law of Politics’ According to Sergei Lavrov. An exclusive interview with Russia’s top diplomat, The Power Issue // Foreign Policy. April 29, 2013. URL: http://www.foreignpolicy. com/articles/2013/04/29/the_law_of_politics_according_to_sergei_lavrov_russia.
22. Haass R.N. Sovereignty and Globalisation, // Council on Foreign Relations. February 17, 2006. URL: htp://www.cfr.org/sovereignty/sovereignty-globalisation/p9903.
23. Heine J. On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy // Working Paper No. 11. The Centre for International Governance Innovation. October 2006. P. 1-2, 3, 4-5, 7-9, 12, 18, and passim.
24. Held D. Democracy and the Global Order. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995; Archibugi, Daniele and David Held, eds., Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995.
25. Henrikson A.K. The Washington Diplomatic Corps: The Place, the Professionals, and their Performance /The Diplomatic Corps as an Institution of International Society / ed. Paul Sharp and Geoffrey Wiseman. Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. P. 41-74.
26. History of EUCOM. URL: http://www.eucom.mil/mission/background/history-of-eucom.
27. Kennan G.F. Diplomacy Without Diplomats? // Foreign Affairs. 1997. Vol. 76. № 5. P. 198.
28. Kennedy P. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Random House, 1987.
29. Kiesling J.B. Diplomacy Lessons: Realism for an Unloved Superpower. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2006. P. 7.
30. Kissinger H.On China. London: Penguin Books, 2012. P. 236.
31. Kissinger Henry A. The White Revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck // Daedalus. 1968. Vol. 97. № 3. P. 888-924.
32. Kissinger Henry. White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979. P. 164, 712.
33. Korean Relations. Through the Eyes of the Ambassadors. Washington, DC: Korea Economic Institute, 2009, P. 106-28.
34. L. Susan Brown, The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1993).
35. Larson E. In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler’s Berlin. New York: Crown, 2011.
36. Machiavelli Niccolò. Advice to Raffaello Girolami, on his departure, 23 October 1522, as ambassador to the emperor Charles V, in Spain / G. R.Berridge, ed. / Diplomatic Classics: Selected texts from Commynes to Vattel. Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. P. 41.
37. May Ernest R. The Great Man Theory of Foreign Policy //The New York Times. April 3, 1994, a critical review of Kissinger’s Diplomacy.
38. Meyer C. DC Confidential: The Controversial Memoirs of Britain’s Ambassador to the U.S. at the Time of 9/11 and the Run-up to the Iraq War. London: Phoenix, 2005. P. 1, 88-91.
39. Mueller Sherry Lee. Professional Exchanges, Citizen Diplomacy, and Credibility /America’s Dialogue with the World /ed. William P. Kiehl. Washington, DC: Public Diplomacy Council, School of Media and Public Affairs, The George Washington University, 2006. P. 59-70. The quotation is on p. 62.
40. Mulet E. Talk at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, December 3, 2012. See also Fletcher Forum Interview with Mr. Edmond Mulet URL: http://fletcherforum.org/2012/12/18/mulet.
41. Rettman Andrew. EU ponders creation of new diplomatic breed // EU Observer. June 4, 2010.
42. Schlesinger A.M., Jr. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1965. P. 424.
43. Sharp P. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
44. Sharp P. Who needs diplomats? The problem of diplomatic representation. / Modern Diplomacy / ed. Jovan Kurbalija. 1998. URL: http://www.diplomacy.edu/resources/general/who-needsdiplomats- problem-diplomatic-representation
45. Sharp. Who needs diplomats? His reference is to Michel Foucault, The Order of Things. New York: Vintage Books, 1994. P.18.
46. Sharp. Who Needs Diplomats? Sharp picks up on Roberts’s idea of “pressing upon” London rather than just reporting to it. His reference is to Frank Roberts, Dealing with Dictators: The Destruction and Revival of Europe, 1930-70. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991. P. 196.
47. Simonin B.L. Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities. // The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 2008. Vol. 32. № l. 3 P. 19-34.
48. T.G. Otte, Nicolson / Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger /ed. G.R. Berridge, Maurice Keens-Soper, and T.G. Otte. Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave, 2001. P. 151-80.
49. This and the quotations below are from Richelieu: Political Testament / Berridge, ed. / Diplomatic Classics. P. 115-21.
50. Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Leviathan, Or the Matter, Forme and Power of A Common-Wealth Ecclesiaticall and Civil (London: Printed for Andrew Crooks, at the Green Dragon in St. Paul’s Churchyard, 1651), http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leviathan.jpg.
51. Turkle S. Alone Together: Why We Expect More From Technology and Less From Each Other. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
52. Turkle S.The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
53. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 500. New York: United Nations, 2005. Article 3, 1(a).
54. Wichowski A. Social Diplomacy, Or How Diplomats Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Tweet // Foreign Affairs. April 5, 2013. URL: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139134/alexiswichowski/ social-diplomacy.
55. Wood J.R. and Jean Serres. Diplomatic Ceremonial and Protocol: Principles, Procedures, and Practice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970. P. 9.
Review
For citations:
Henrikson A. SOVEREIGNTY, DIPLOMACY AND DEMOCRACY: THE CHANGING CHARACTER OF “INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATION” — FROM STATE TO SELF. Comparative Politics Russia. 2014;5(2(15-16)):4-27. https://doi.org/10.18611/2221-3279-2014-5-2(15-16)-4-27
Views:
1365
Email this article 
