COLLISION OF INTERESTS WITHIN SCIENTIFIC ELITES: GLOBALISATION FACTOR

In the article the author analyzes confl icts arising between scientists aiming at participation in the global science fi eld and scientists who are predominantly tied to the context of national science. These confl icts are examined via “academic capitalism”, “global capitalism” and «national elites» theories. The article considers collision of interests between scientists oriented towards connections with the infrastructure of the global science, including world class universities, multinational corporations and supranational research funding institutions, and scientists aimed at expanding by use of local, mainly state resources. The analysis includes a historical overview of institutional changes in science since late 1940s with emphasis on the following stages: division of basic and applied science in accordance with new tasks of scientifi c and technological development in 1940-50s; gradual transformation of relations between science and politics in 1960-70s; university reforms in the 1980s; emergence of global markets of research and educational services beginning the 1990s. Following this overview, the article examines three cases, which allow to characterize interests, serving as a basis for fractions within the scientifi c community. They are the functioning of a two-tier system of research funding in the EU; dominance of English language journals in the scientifi c press; implementation of policy aimed at building of world class universities in countries with developed research cultures, which differ from the American research culture. This examination leads us to a conclusion that the scientifi c community is internally divided in accordance with choice of locally or globally oriented strategy.

1. Baykov, A. The Ideological Component in EU Evolution // Social Sciences, 2014, Vol. 45, Iss. 1, pp. 79- 90.

2. Blinov, A.N.; Talagaeva, D.A. Nauchnoe soobshchestvo kak politicheskii aktor: rol’ mezhdunarodnykh nauchnykh ob”edinenii (Scientifi c Community as a Political Actor: The Role of International Scientifi c Insitutions) // Politiia, 2014, No. 1, pp. 174-183.

3. Bourdieu, P. Sotsial’noe prostranstvo: polia i praktiki. (Social Space: Fields and Practices). Moscow: Institut eksperimental’noi sotsiologii, 2007.

4. Braun, D. Actor Constellations in the European Funding Area // Wedlin L., Nedeva M. (eds.) Towards European Science: Dynamics and Policy of the European Research Space. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2015.

5. Bush, V. Science, the Endless Frontier. A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientifi c Research, July 1945. Washington D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1960.

6. Canagrajah, A. A Geopolitics of Academic Writing. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002.

7. Cohen, A.; Kisker, C. The Shaping of American Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009.

8. Council decision of 19 December 2006 concerning the specifi c programme: “Ideas” implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (2007 to 2013) (2006/972/EC). Mode of access: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/

9. Cremonini, L.; Bennworth, P.; Dauncey, H.; Westerheijden, D. Reconciling Republican ‘Egalite’ and Global Excellence Values in French Higher Education // Shin J., Kehm B. (eds.) Institutionalization of World-Class Universities in Global Competition. London: Springer, 2013. Pp. 99-124.

10. Etzkowitz, H.; Chunyan, Z. The Triple Helix: University–Industry–Government Innovation and Entrepreneurship. New York: Routledge, 2017.

11. Gaman-Golutvina, O. Elites and Leadership in Russian Politics // The Ashgate Research Companion to Political Leadership. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. Pp. 267-286.

12. Gaman-Golutvina, O. Russian Society and Elites in 1989-2009: Transformation Results and Future Perspectives // Historical Social Research, 2010, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 41-53.

13. Hagstrom, W.O. The Scientifi c Community. Carbondale & Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1975.

14. Istomin, I.A.; Baikov, A.A. Sravnitel’nye osobennosti otechestvennykh i zarubezhnykh nauchnykh zhurnalov (Russian and International Publication Practices. A Comparative Study of IR Scholarly Journals) // Mezhdunarodnye protsessy (International Trends), 2016, No. 2, pp. 114-140.

15. Kauppinen, I. Academic Capitalism and the Informational Fraction of the Transnational Capitalist Class // Globalisation, Society and Education, 2013, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-22.

16. Knorr Cetina K. Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

17. Konnov, V.I. O gosudarstvennykh nauchnykh fondakh (On State Science Foundations) // Rossiiskii ekonomicheskii zhurnal (Russian Economical Journal), 2009, No. 6, pp. 95-101.

18. Konnov, V.I.; Repina, M.I. Evoliutsiia modelei universitetskogo upravleniia ot «studium generale» do «predprinimatel’skogo universiteta» (Evolution of University Management Models from «Studium Generale» to «Entrepreneurial University») // Mezhdunarodnye protsessy (International Trends), 2015, No. 1, pp. 35-47.

19. Krige, J. American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 2006.

20. Kuhn, T. Struktura nauchnykh revoliutsii. (Structure of Scientifi c Revolutions). Moscow: Izdatel’stvo AST Ermak, 2003.

21. Latour B. Nauka v deistvii (Science in Action). SaintPetersburg: European University in Saint-Petersburg, 2013.

22. Mann, A. For Better or For Worse: The Marriage of Science and Government in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.

23. Merton, R. The Sociology of Science. Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1973.

24. Neal, H.; Smith, T.; McCormick, J. Beyond Sputnik: U.S. Science Policy in the 21st Century. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2008.

25. Nelson, R. (ed.) National Innovation Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

26. Nowotny, H.; Scott P.; Gibbons, M. Rethinking Science: Knowledge in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity, 2001.

27. Pursiainen, K.; Medvedev, S.A. Bolonskii protsess, Rossiia i globalizatsiia (Bologna Process, Russia and Globalization) // Bolonskii protsess i ego znachenie dlia Rossii. Ed. by K. Pursiainen, S. Medvedev. Moscow: RETsEP, 2005. Pp. 17-28.

28. Robinson, W. A Theory of Global Capitalism. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2004.

29. Romanova, M.D. Vliianie kul’turnogo konteksta na formirovanie nauchnoi politiki (opyt Frantsii) (Infl uence of Cultural Context on Formation of Science Policy (French Experience) // Polis, 2015, No. 5, pp. 119-129.

30. Shin J.C., Kehm B. The World-Class University in Different Systems and Contexts // Shin J., Kehm B. (eds.) Institutionalization of World-Class Universities in Global Competition. London: Springer, 2013. Pp. 1-13.

31. Siepmann, T.J. The Global Exportation of the U.S. Bayh-Dole Act // University of Dayton Law Review, 2004, Vol. 30, Iss. 2, pp. 209-243.

32. Simoniya, N.; Torkunov, A. The European Union’s Energy Security and Russia // Social Sciences, 2015, Vol. 46, Iss. 2, pp. 78-89.

33. Sklair, L. The Transnational Capitalist Class. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. Slaughter, S.; Rhoades, L. Academic Capitalism and the New Economy. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2009.

34. Storer, N.W. The Social System of Science. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart & Wilson, 1966.

35. Voskressenski, A.D.; Koldunova, E.V.; Kireeva, A.A. Transregional’nye i regional’nye proekty v usloviiakh postzapadnoi mezhdunarodnoi real’nosti (Transregional and Regional Projects in “Post-Western” International Reality) // Sravnitel’naia politika (Comparative Politics Russia), 2017, No.2, pp. 37-57.