ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ ПОДДЕРЖКА НАУЧНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В США: СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ ЭТАП ЭВОЛЮЦИИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ БОРЬБЫ

В 2000-х – 2010-х годах наметилось сокращение отрыва Соединенных Штатов в научно-технологической сфере от стремительно развивающихся конкурентов. В то же время США остаются явным мировым лидером в этой области, что в значительной степени определялось активной государственной политикой. Настоящая статья ставит целью выявить основные тенденции эволюции научной политики США и причины, обуславливающие сравнительное снижение уровня бюджетной поддержки исследовательской деятельности. Автор рассматривает эволюцию подходов администраций Дж. Буша-мл. и Б. Обамы, а также демократических и республиканских сил в Палате представителей и Сенате. Он также анализирует вклад в формулирование и реализацию государственной политики правительственных ведомств, непосредственно отвечающих за обеспечение поддержки научных исследований, а также общественных организаций, представляющих интересы ученых. Автор исследует причины усиления конкуренции между правящей администрацией и законодателями от Демократической партии за признание в качестве политической силы, наиболее обеспокоенной проблемами научной политики, а также особенности и последствия принятого в 2009 году Закона о восстановлении и реинвестировании.

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