HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BUREAUCRACY AT THE MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY

In the present article, the problem of public authoruty’s realization by means of bureaucracy was investigated. The task of searching for ways of debureaucratization of public authority (restrictions of negative manifestations, areas of work and functions of bureaucracy) might be accomplished with a historical and comparative methodology. The research helped to identify the presence of comparable elements of public authority and bureaucracy; to explain their comparable similarities and differences in a “vertical plane” – the phenomena of different time periods in indication the general tendencies of progress and causality were analyzed. The problem of public authority’s realization by means of bureaucracy was specifi ed according the materials of the researches of governance in ancient societies, early states, governmental machinery of bourgeois democracies. A special attention was given to an alternative Soviet power model that in practice had led to establishing a command and control system with a ruling “class” of nomenclature in our country. The general characteristics of public authority and bureaucracy in a post-Soviet society were identifi ed. The research found that the transformation of public authority in the new phase of global social and economic development might mean its functional involvement in the international system of national resources' exhausting according to the interest of increasingly internationalizing elites. It was agreed that bureaucracy and institutes of direct and representative democracy, self-governance and control of civil society over the government are direct competitors. Nevertheless, post-industrial society provides new opportunities for debureaucratization. Therefore, the active and volitional actions of political groups as entire segments of society that are aimed at the struggle for the constitutional guarantees for rights to get information, a real access to education and a meaningful democracy, as a connected consequence represent a diffi cult, but necessary way to debureaucratization of public authority.

authority, governance, class-based society, bureaucracy, government, civil society, self-governance, debureaucratization, democracy

1. Aivazian, M. Problemy funktsionirovaniia sistemy ratsional’noi biurokratii i magnatsko-ispolnitel’skii dualism (Problems of Functioning of the System of Rational Bureaucracy and Magnate-performing Dualism) // Neoekonomika, 02.07.2013. Mode of access: http:// neoconomica.ru/article.php?id=255

2. Anderson, P. Rodoslovnaia absoliutistskogo gosudarstva (The Genealogy of the Absolutist State). Moscow: Izdatel’skii dom «Territoriia budushchego». 2010.

3. Aron, R. Etapy razvitiia sotsiologicheskoi mysli (Stages of Development of Sociological Thought). Moscow: UNIVERS, 1992.

4. Avak’ian, S.A. Konstitutsionalizm i biurokratizatsiia publichnoi vlasti (Constitutionalism and Bureaucratization of Public Power) // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriia 11, Pravo, 2014, No. 1.

5. Berman, G. Dzh. Zapadnaia traditsiia prava: epokha formirovaniia (Western Tradition of Law: the Era of Formation). Moscow: INFRA M ‒ NORMA, 1998.

6. Biznes i vlast’ v Rossii: teoriia i praktika vzaimodeistviia / Ed. by A.N. Shokhin (Business and Power in Russia: Theory and Practice of Interaction). Moscow: Izdatel’skii dom NIU VShE, 2011. 349 p.

7. Brzezinski, Z. Velikaia shakhmatnaia doska (Gospodstvo Ameriki i ego geostrategicheskie imperativy) (The Grand Chessboard (the Domination of America and Its Geostrategic Imperatives)). Moscow: Mezhdunar. otnosheniia, 1998. 216 p.

8. Chetvernin, V.A. Institutsional’naia teoriia prava (The Institutional Theory Is Right). Mode of access: https://www. hse.ru/data/2010/02/20/1232122347/300%2025.02.pdf

9. Chirkin, V.E. Publichnaia vlast’ (Public Power). Moscow: Iurist”, 2005.

10. Derlug’ian, G. Kak ustroen etot mir. Nabroski na makrosotsiologicheskie temy (How This World Works. Sketches on Macro-sociological Topics). Moscow: Izd-vo Instituta Gaidara, 2013.

11. Dzhilas, M. Novyi klass (New Class). New-York: Frederik A. Preger, 1961. 245 p.

12. Engels, F. Iuridicheskii sotsializm (Legal Socialism) // K. Marx, F. Engels. Soch. Vol. 21. Moscow: Politizdat, 1961.

13. Engels, F. Proiskhozhdenie sem’i, chastnoi sobstvennosti i gosudarstva (Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State) // K. Marx, F. Engels. Coch. Vol. 21. Moscow: Politizdat, 1961.

14. Galeon, D.; Bergan, B. Kitaiskaia «sistema sotsial’nogo reitinga» budet opredeliat’ tsennost’ liudei (The Chinese System of Social Rating Will Determine the Value of People) // Inosmi, 20.02.2018. Mode of access: https:// inosmi.ru/social/20180220/241513806.html

15. Gaman-Golutvina, O.V. Bednyi, bednyi biurokrat! (Poor, Poor Bureaucrat!) / MGIMO, 21.01.14. Mode of access: https://mgimo.ru/about/news/experts/246554/

16. Iarullin, R.R. Sistema finansovykh otnoshenii na Drevnem Vostoke (The System of the Financial Relations in the Ancient East). Moscow: Izdatel’skii dom Akademii Estestvoznaniia, 2013. 240 p. Mode of access: https://www.monographies.ru/ru/book/ section?id=6738

17. Kabashov, S.Iu. Biurokratiia. Teoreticheskie kontseptsii (Bureaucracy. Theoretical Concept). Moscow: FLINTA, 2011. 220 p.

18. Kabashov, S. Iu. Gosudarstvennaia sluzhba: osnovnye etapy razvitiia kak nauki i professii ot Drevnego mira do nachala XX veka (Public Service: the Main Stages of Development as a Science and Profession from the Ancient World to the Beginning of the XX Century). Moscow: INFRA-M, 2016. Pp. 165-168.

19. Kagarlitskii, B.Iu. Marxizm: ne rekomendovano dlia obucheniia (Marxism: not Recommended for Teaching). Moscow: Izd-vo Algoritm, Izd-vo Eksmo, 2006. 1622 p.

20. Kashanina, T.V. Proiskhozhdenie gosudarstva i prava (Origin of State and law). Moscow: Vysshee obrazovanie, 2008.

21. Kettl, D. Global’naia revoliutsiia v gosudarstvennom upravlenii (A Global Revolution in Public Administration) // Otechestvennye zapiski, 2014, No. 2. Mode of access: http://www.strana-oz.ru/2004/2/globalnaya-revolyuciya-vgosudarstvennom-upravlenii

22. Klimenko, A.V. Mekhanizmy novogo gosudarstvennogo upravleniia i modernizirovannoi biurokratii v kontseptsii administrativnoi reform (The Mechanisms of New Public Management and the Streamline of the Bureaucracy in the Concept of Administrative Reform) // Iuridicheskaia Rossiia, 02.05.2006. Mode of access: http://www.law.edu. ru/doc/document.asp?docID=1223342

23. Lapteva, L.E. Krizis modeli ratsional’noi biurokratii v Rossii (Crisis of the Model of Rational Bureaucracy in Russia) // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriia 11, Pravo, 2017, No. 5, pp. 27-35.

24. Lenin, V.I. Ekonomicheskoe soderzhanie narodnichestva (Economic content of populism) / Poln. sobr. soch. Vol. 1. Moscow: Politizdat, 1967.

25. Lenin, V.I. Gosudarstvo i revoliutsiia (State and Revolution) // Poln. sobr. soch. Vol. 33. Moscow: Politizdat, 1969.

26. Lenin, V.I. O zadachakh Narkomiusta v usloviiakh novoi ekonomicheskoi politiki. Pis’mo k D.I. Kurskomu (On the Tasks of the People’s Commissariat of Justice in the New Economic Policy. Letter to D. I. Kursky) // Poln. sobr. soch. Vol. 44. Moscow: Politizdat, 1970.

27. Mad’iar, B. Anatomiia postkommunisticheskogo mafi oznogo gosudarstva. Na primere Vengrii (Anatomy of a Post-Communist Mafi a State. In the Case of Hungary). Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2016. 480 p.

28. Mal’tsev, G.V. Ocherki istorii rannego prava i gosudarstva (Essays on the History of Early Law and the State). Moscow: Izd-vo RAGS, 2010.

29. Marx, K. K kritike gegelevskoi fi losofi i prava (To the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right) // K. Marx, F. Engels. Soch. 2-e izd. Vol. 1. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1955.

30. Marx, K. Vosemnadtsatoe briumera Lui Bonaparta (The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte) // K. Marx, F. Engels. Soch. 2-e izd. Vol. 8. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1957.

31. Marx, K.; Engels, F. Manifest kommunisticheskoi partii (Communist Manifesto) // K. Marx, F. Engels. Soch. 2-e izd. T. 4. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1955.

32. Mizes, L. Biurokratiia. Zaplanirovannyi khaos. Antikapitalisticheskaia mental’nost’ (Bureaucracy. Planned Chaos. Anti-capitalist Mentality). Moscow: «Delo» pri uchastii izd-va «Catallaxy», 1993. 240 p.

33. Morgan, L.G. Drevnee obshchestvo ili issledovanie linii chelovecheskogo progressa ot dikosti cherez varvarstvo k tsivilizatsii (Ancient Society or the Study of the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization). Leningrad: In-t narodov Severa TsIK SSSR, 1935. 352 p.

34. Obolonskii, A.V. Biurokratiia dlia XXI veka (Bureaucracy for the 21st Century). Moscow: Delo, 2002.

35. Osborn, D.; Plastrik, P. Upravlenie bez biurokratov: Piat’ strategii obnovleniia gosudarstva (Management without Bureaucrats: Five Strategy of Updating of the State). Moscow: Progress, 2001. 533 p.

36. Popov, V. Politseiskii poriadok epokhi absoliutizma v Rossii i prichiny ego krakha v khode Fevral’skoi revoliutsii 1917 goda (Police Order of an Era of Absolutism in Russia and the Reasons of Its Crash during the February Revolution of 1917). Mode of access: https://sociologica. hse.ru/data/2014/04/29/1322730905/SocOboz_13_1_04_ Popov.pdf

37. Protasov, V.N. Teoriia prava i gosudarstva. Problemy teorii prava i gosudarstva (Theory of the Right and State. Problems of the Theory of the Right and State). Moscow.: Novyi Iurist, 1999.

38. Russkaia vlast’ i biurokraticheskoe gosudarstvo: kollektivnaia monografi ia (Russian Power and Bureaucratic State: Collective Monograph) / Ed. V.P. Makarenko. Ch. 2. Rostov n/D: Izd-vo Iuzhnogo federal’nogo universiteta, 2015.

39. Shebanova, M.A. Mezhdunarodnaia biurokratiia kak sloi transnatsional’nykh politicheskikh elit (International Bureaucracy as Layer of Transnational Political Elite) // Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniia, 2012, No. 1.

40. Stalin, I.V. Rech’ v Kremlevskom dvortse na vypuske akademikov Krasnoi Armii 4 maia 1935 goda (The Speech in the Kremlin Palace on Release of Academicians of the Red Army on May 4, 1935) // Soch. Vol. 14. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo «Pisatel’», 1997.

41. Trotsky, L.D. Predannaia revoliutsiia: Chto takoe SSSR i kuda on idet? (Devoted Revolution: What Is the USSR and Where It Goes?). Moscow: T8RUGRAM, 2017.

42. Voslenskii, M. Nomenklatura (Nomenclature). Moscow: Zakharov, 2005. 640 p.

43. Weber, M. Khoziaistvo i obshchestvo: ocherki ponimaiushchei sotsiologii. Vol. I. Sotsiologiia (Economy and Society: Essays on Understanding Sociology). Moscow: Izd. dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki, 2016. 445 p.

44. Weber, M. Traditsionnoe gospodstvo (Traditional Domination) // Prognozis, 2007, No. 2(10), pp. 150-165.