<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">comparativepolitics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сравнительная политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative Politics Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2221-3279</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-4990</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Издательская группа «Юрист»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18611/2221-3279-2016-7-4(25)-72-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">comparativepolitics-546</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ ДИСКУССИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DISCUSSION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ВВП НА ДУШУ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ, УРОВЕНЬ ПРОТЕСТНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ И ТИП РЕЖИМА: ОПЫТ КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННОГО АНАЛИЗА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>GDP PER CAPITA, PROTEST INTENSITY AND REGIME TYPE: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коротаев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korotayev</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD (University of Manchester), д.и.н., профессор, заведующий лабораторией мониторинга рисков социально-политической дестабилизации, НИУ ВШЭ; ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт востоковедения РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (University of Manchester), Dr. of History, Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Monitoring of Sociopolitical Destabilization Risks, National Research University Higher School of Economics; Senior Research Professor, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akorotayev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Билюга</surname><given-names>С. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bilyuga</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант 2 курса ФГП, МГУ имени М.В.Ломоносова; младший научный сотрудник, Центр Долгосрочного Прогнозирования и Стратегического Планирования ФГП МГУ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Student, Moscow State University; Junior Researcher, Center for Longterm Forecasting and Strategic Planning, Moscow State University</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sbilyuga@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шишкина</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shishkina</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр политологии, младший научный сотрудник НУЛ мониторинга рисков социально-политической дестабилизации, НИУ ВШЭ, Центр цивилизационных и региональных исследований Института Африки РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MA in Political Science, Junior Research Fellow, Laboratory for Monitoring of Social and Political Destabilization Risk, Higher School of Economics; Center for Civilizational and Regional Studies, Institute of African Studies</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alisa.shishkina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИУ «Высшая школа экономики», Институт востоковедения РАН, г. Москва, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Higher School of Economics; Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГУ имени М.В.Ломоносова, г. Москва, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИУ «Высшая школа экономики», Институт Африки РАН, г. Москва, Россия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Higher School of Economics; Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4(25)</issue><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коротаев А.В., Билюга С.Э., Шишкина А.Р., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коротаев А.В., Билюга С.Э., Шишкина А.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korotayev A.V., Bilyuga S.E., Shishkina A.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sravpol.ru/jour/article/view/546">https://www.sravpol.ru/jour/article/view/546</self-uri><abstract><p>Проведенные нами исследования показали, что между подушевым ВВП и интенсивностью антиправительственных демонстраций не отрицательная корреляция, а криволинейная U-образная зависимость: наиболее высокая интенсивность антиправительственных демонстраций характерна для стран ни с самым низкими, ни с самыми высоким, а со средними значениями ВВП на душу населения. Таким образом для более высоких значений подушевого ВВП характерна отрицательная корреляция между ВВП на душу населения и интенсивностью антиправительственных демонстраций, а для более низких – положительная. При этом откровенно сильная (r = 0,935, R2 = 0,875) статистически значимая положительная корреляция между ВВП на душу населения и интенсивностью антиправительственных демонстраций прослеживается в очень широком интервале (вплоть до 20 000 долларов 2014 года по паритетам покупательной способности – ППС). Данная корреляция частично объясняется следующим обстоятельствами: (1) рост ВВП в авторитарных режимах ведет к усилению движения за демократию, а значит и к интенсификации антиправительственных демонстраций. А так как в нашей базе данных (как впрочем и в реальности) авторитарные государства составляют очень высокий процент от числа всех государств с низкими значениями подушевого дохода, эффект роста внутреннего давления на авторитарные режимы в сторону демократизации по мере экономического роста в определенной степени (но никак не полностью) объясняет обнаруженную нами сильную корреляцию между ВВП на душу населения и интенсивностью антиправительственных демонстраций для слабо- и среднеразвитых стран. (2) В интервале подушевого ВВП до 20 000 долларов увеличение данного показателя достаточно сильно коррелирует со снижением доли авторитарных режимов и увеличением доли режимов неавторитарных (демократических и промежуточных). Наличие же неавторитарных режимов в данном диапазоне значимо положительно коррелирует с более высокой интенсивностью антиправительственных демонстраций. Это и есть еще один механизм, обуславливающий наличие сильной положительной корреляции между ВВП на душу населения и интенсивностью антиправительственных демонстраций в интересующем нас диапазоне. Вместе с тем проделанный нами дополнительный анализ показал, что оба вышеописанных механизма вместе взятые не объясняют выявленную нами корреляцию в полной мере, что означает необходимость поиска дополнительных механизмов и факторов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study suggests that the relationship between per capita GDP and intensity of antigovernment demonstrations is not negative as tends to be believed; we are rather dealing with an inverted U-shaped relationship: the highest levels of antigovernment demonstration intensity are typical for countries with neither the lowest nor the highest values of GDP per capita, but rather with intermediate values of this indicator. Thus, for higher values of per capita GDP we observe a negative correlation between GDP per capita and the antigovernment demonstration intensity, and for lower values it is positive. This correlation is partly explained by the following points: (1) GDP growth in authoritarian regimes leads to increased pro-democracy movement, and hence to intensifi cation of the anti-government demonstrations. And since in our database (as well as in reality) authoritarian states constitute a very high percentage of the number of states with the lowest values of per capita income, the effect of the growth of internal pressure on authoritarian regimes towards democracy with economic growth to some extent (but no not completely) explains a strong correlation between GDP per capita and the intensity of antigovernment demonstrations for low and middle income countries. (2) In the range of per capita GDP up to $ 20000, the increase in per capita GDP is quite strongly correlated with a decrease in the proportion of authoritarian regimes and the increasing share of nonauthoritarian regimes (democratic and intermediate). The presence of non-authoritarian regimes in this range is signifi cantly positively correlated with the higher intensity of anti-government demonstrations. This is another mechanism that contributes to the presence of a strong positive correlation between GDP per capita and the intensity of anti-government demonstrations in the range of interest to us. At the same time we have done a further analysis that has shown that both of the above mechanisms do not explain the correlation in question to the full, which means the need to find additional mechanisms and factors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВВП на душу населения</kwd><kwd>антиправительственные демонстрации</kwd><kwd>социально-политическая дестабилизация</kwd><kwd>автократия</kwd><kwd>демократия</kwd><kwd>промежуточные политические режимы</kwd><kwd>демократизация</kwd><kwd>политическое развитие</kwd><kwd>экономическое развитие.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>GDP per capita</kwd><kwd>antigovernment demonstrations</kwd><kwd>sociopolitical destabilization</kwd><kwd>autocracy</kwd><kwd>democracy</kwd><kwd>intermediate regimes</kwd><kwd>democratization</kwd><kwd>political development</kwd><kwd>economic development</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринин Л.Е., Исаев Л.М., Коротаев А.В. Революции и нестабильность на Ближнем Востоке. – М.: Моск. ред. изд-ва «Учитель», 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aiyar, Shekhar; Duval, Romain; Puy, Damien; Wu, Yiqun; Zhang, Longmei. Growth  Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap / IMF Working Paper No. WP/13/71, International  Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринин Л.Е., Коротаев А.В. Демократия и революция // История и современность. – 2013. – №2 (18). – С. 15-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banks, Arthur S.; Wilson Kenneth A. Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive /  Databanks International. Jerusalem, Israel. Mode of access:  http://www.databanksinternational.com</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринин Л.Е., Коротаев А.В. Революция vs демократия // Полис. – 2014. – №3. – С. 139- 158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barro, Robert J. Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries // Quarterly  Journal of Economics, 1991, No.106 (2), pp. 407-443.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринин Л.Е., Коротаев А.В. Циклы, кризисы, ловушки современной Мир-Системы. Исследование кондратьевских, жюгляровских и вековых циклов, глобальных кризисов, мальтузианских и постмальтузианских ловушек. – М.: Издательство ЛКИ/URSS, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barro, Robert J; Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. Economic growth. New York: McGraw–Hill, 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринин Л.Е., Коротаев А.В., Цирель С.В. Остановится ли китайский взлет? Комплексный системный анализ, математическое моделирование и прогнозирование развития стран БРИКС. Предварительные результаты / Отв. ред. А.А. Акаев и др. – М.: Красанд/URSS, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benos, Nikos; Zotou, Stefania. Education and Economic Growth: A Meta–Regression  Analysis // World Development, 2014, No.64(C), pp. 669-689.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коротаев А.В., Исаев Л.М., Васильев А.М. Количественный анализ революционной волны 2013–2014 гг. //Социологические исследования. – 2015. – №8 (376). С. 119-127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boix, Carles. Democracy, Development, and the International System // American  Political Science Review, 2011, Vol. 105, No.04, pp. 809-828.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коротаев А.В., Малков А.С., Халтурина Д.А. Законы истории: Математическое моделирование развития Мир-Системы. Демография, экономика, культура. – М.: КомКнига/URSS, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunk, Greg G.; Caldeira Greg A.; Lewis-Beck, Michael S. Capitalism, Socialism, and  Democracy: An Empirical Inquiry // European Journal of Political Research, 1987. Vol. 15 (4), pp. 459-470.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коротаев А.В., Слинько Е.В., Шульгин С.Г., Билюга С.Э. Промежуточные типы социально–политических режимов и социально–политическая нестабильность: опыт количественного кросс–национального анализа //Полития: Анализ. Хроника. Прогноз. – 2016. – №3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burkhart, Ross E.; Lewis-Beck, Michael S. Comparative Democracy: the Economic  Development Thesis // American Political Science Review, 1994, No.88(04), pp. 903- 910.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коротаев А.В., Халтурина Д.А. Инвестиции в базовое образование как мера по предотвращению социально–демографических катастроф в развивающихся странах. / Системный мониторинг. Глобальные и региональные риски / Ред. Д.А. Халтурина, А.В. Коротаев. 2010. – С. 301-314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai, Fang. Is There a “Middle-Income Trap”? Theories, Experiences and Relevance to  China // China &amp; World Economy, 2012, Vol. 20, No.1, pp. 49-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малков С.Ю., Коротаев А.В., Исаев Л.М., Кузьминова Е.В. О методике оценки текущего состояния и прогноза социальной нестабильности: опыт количественного анализа событий Арабской весны // Полис. Политические исследования. – 2013. – №4. – С. 137- 162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chapman, Terrence, Reinhardt, Eric. Global Credit Markets, Political Violence, and  Politically Sustainable Risk Premia // International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 2013, Vol. 39, No.3, pp. 316-342.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Садовничий В.А., Акаев А.А., Коротаев А.В., Малков С.Ю. Качество образования, эффективность НИОКР и экономический рост. Количественный анализ и математическое моделирование. – М.: Ленанд/ URSS, 2016. – 352 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cutright, Philips. National Political Development: Social and Economic Correlates.  In Politics and Social Life: An Introduction to Political Behavior, ed. Nelson W.  Polsby, Robert A. Dentler, and Paul A. Smith. Boston: Houghton Miffl in, 1963.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aiyar, Shekhar; Duval, Romain; Puy, Damien; Wu, Yiqun; Zhang, Longmei. Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap / IMF Working Paper No. WP/13/71, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahl, Robert A. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banks, Arthur S.; Wilson Kenneth A. Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive / Databanks International. Jerusalem, Israel. Mode of access: http://www.databanksinternational.com</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiGiuseppe, Matthew R.; Barry, Colin M.; Frank, Richard W. Good for the Money  International Finance, State Capacity, and Internal Armed Confl ict // Journal of Peace Research, 2012, Vol. 49, No.3, pp. 391-405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barro Robert J. Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries // Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991, No.106 (2), pp. 407-443.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzhakhan, S. (Ed.). Doklad o chelovecheskom razvitii 2015. Trud vo imya  chelovecheskogo razvitiya [The Human Development Report 2015. Work in the Name of  Human Development]. NY – Moscow: Programma razvitiya OON – Izdatel’stvo «Ves’ Mir».</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barro Robert J; Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. Economic growth. New York: McGraw–Hill, 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epstein, David L.; Bates, Robert; Goldstone, Jack A.; Kristensen, Ida; O’Halloran,  Sharyn. Democratic transitions // American Journal of Political Science, 2006, No.50  (3), pp. 551-569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benos, Nikos; Zotou, Stefania. Education and Economic Growth: A Meta–Regression Analysis // World Development, 2014, No.64(C), pp. 669-689.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gates, Scott; Hegre, Håvard; Jones, Mark P., Strand, Håvard. Institutional  consistency and Political  Instability: Persistence and Change in Political Systems Revisited, 1800-1998. Presented at the annual meeting of American Political Science  Association, Washington D.C., 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boix, Carles. Democracy, Development, and the International System // American Political Science Review, 2011, Vol. 105, No.04, pp. 809-828.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldstone, Jack A. Protests in Ukraine, Thailand and Venezuela: What Unites Them? /  Russia Direct. Mode of access: http://www.russia–direct.org/content/protests– ukraine–thailand–and–venezuela–what–unites–them</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunk Greg G.; Caldeira Greg A.; Lewis-Beck, Michael S. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: An Empirical Inquiry // European Journal of Political Research, 1987. Vol. 15 (4), pp. 459-470.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldstone, Jack A.; Bates, Robert H.; Epstein, David L.; Gurr, David L.; Marshall,  Monty G.; Lustik, Michael B.; Woodward, Mark; Ulfelder, Jay. A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability // American Journal of Political Science, 2010, Т. 54, No.1, pp. 190-208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burkhart, Ross E.; Lewis-Beck, Michael S. Comparative Democracy: the Economic Development Thesis // American Political Science Review, 1994, No.88(04), pp. 903-910.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldstone, Jack A.; Gurr, Ted Robert; Harff, Barbara; Levy, Marc A.; Marshall, Monty  G.; Bates, Robert H.; Epstein, David L.; Kahl, Colin H.; Surko, Pamela T.; Ulfelder,  Jay; Unger, John C.; Unger, Alan N. State Failure Task Force Report: Phase III  Findings. McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), 2000.  Mode of access: http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai, Fang. Is There a “Middle-Income Trap”? Theories, Experiences and Relevance to China // China &amp; World Economy, 2012, Vol. 20, No.1, pp. 49-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinin, L.E.; Isaev, L.M.; Korotaev, A.V. Revolyutsii i nestabil’nost’ na Blizhnem  Vostoke (Revolutions and Instability in the Middle East). Moscow: Mosk. red. izd-va «Uchitel’», 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chapman, Terrence, Reinhardt, Eric. Global Credit Markets, Political Violence, and Politically Sustainable Risk Premia // International Interactions: Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 2013, Vol. 39, No.3, pp. 316-342.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinin, L.E.; Korotaev, A.V.; Tsirel’ , S.V. Ostanovitsya li kitayskiy vzlet? /  Kompleksnyy sistemnyy analiz,  matematicheskoe modelirovanie i prognozirovanie razvitiya stran BRIKS. (Complex System Analysis, Math Modeling and Prognosticating  of BRICS States Development) Predvaritel’nye rezul’taty / Ed. by A.A. Akaev and oth. Moscow: Krasand/URSS, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cutright, Philips. National Political Development: Social and Economic Correlates. In Politics and Social Life: An Introduction to Political Behavior, ed. Nelson W. Polsby, Robert A. Dentler, and Paul A. Smith. Boston: Houghton Miffl in, 1963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinin, L.E.,; Korotayev, A.V. Tsikly, krizisy, lovushki sovremennoj Mir-Sistemy  (Cycles, Crises and Traps of Contemporary World-System). Issledovanie  kondrat’evskikh, zhyuglyarovskikh i vekovykh tsiklov, global’nykh krizisov, mal’tuzianskikh i postmal’tuzianskikh lovushek. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo LKI/URSS, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahl, Robert A. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinin, L.E.; Korotayev, A.V. Demokratiya i revolyutsiya (Democracy and Revolution)  // Istoriya i sovremennost’, 2013, No.2 (18), pp. 15-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiGiuseppe, Matthew R.; Barry, Colin M.; Frank, Richard W. Good for the Money International Finance, State Capacity, and Internal Armed Confl ict // Journal of Peace Research, 2012, Vol. 49, No.3, pp. 391-405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinin, L.E.; Korotayev, A.V. Revolyutsiya vs demokra tiya (Revolution vs Democracy)  // Polis, 2014, No.3, pp. 139-158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dzhakhan S. (Ed.). Doklad o chelovecheskom razvitii 2015. Trud vo imya chelovecheskogo razvitiya (The Human Development Report 2015. Work in the Name of Human Development). NY – Moscow: Programma razvitiya OON – Izdatel’stvo «Ves’ Mir».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey. Does “Arab Spring” Mean the Beginning of World  System Reconfi guration? // World Futures, 2012, Vol. 68/7, pp. 471-505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epstein, David L.; Bates, Robert; Goldstone, Jack A.; Kristensen, Ida; O’Halloran, Sharyn. Democratic transitions // American Journal of Political Science, 2006, No.50 (3), pp. 551- 569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey. Revolution and Democracy in the Context of the  Globalization. In The Dialectics of Modernity – Recognizing Globalization. Studies  on the Theoretical Perspectives of Globalization. Editor: Endre Kiss. Arisztotelész  Kiadó (Publisherhouse Arostotelész). Budapest, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gates, Scott; Hegre, Håvard; Jones, Mark P., Strand, Håvard. Institutional consistency and Political Instability: Persistence and Change in Political Systems Revisited, 1800-1998. Presented at the annual meeting of American Political Science Association, Washington D.C., 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey. Will the Global Crisis Lead to Global  Transformations? 2. The Coming Epoch of New Coalitions // Journal of Globalization Studies, 2010, Vol. 1, No.2, pp. 166-183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstone, Jack A. Protests in Ukraine, Thailand and Venezuela: What Unites Them? / Russia Direct. Mode of access: http://www.russia–direct.org/content/protests–ukraine–thailand– and–venezuela–what–unites–them</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groves, Adam. Discuss and Evaluate the Relationship between Poverty and Terrorism //  E-International Relations. Mode of access: http://www.e-ir.info/2008/01/04/discuss- andevaluate-the-relationship-between-poverty-and-terrorism/Gurr, Ted Robert.  Persistence and Change in Political Systems, 1800-1971 // American Political  Science, 1974, Vol. 68 (December), pp. 1482-1504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstone, Jack A.; Bates, Robert H.; Epstein, David L.; Gurr, David L.; Marshall, Monty G.; Lustik, Michael B.; Woodward, Mark; Ulfelder, Jay. A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability // American Journal of Political Science, 2010, Т. 54, No.1, pp. 190-208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall, Robert L.; Rodeghier Mark; Useem, Bert. Effects of Education on Attitude to  Protest. // American Sociological Review, 1986, Vol. 51, No.4, pp. 564-573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldstone, Jack A.; Gurr, Ted Robert; Harff, Barbara; Levy, Marc A.; Marshall, Monty G.; Bates, Robert H.; Epstein, David L.; Kahl, Colin H.; Surko, Pamela T.; Ulfelder, Jay; Unger, John C.; Unger, Alan N. State Failure Task Force Report: Phase III Findings. McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), 2000. Mode of access: http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail/Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey. Does “Arab Spring” Mean the Beginning of World System Reconfi guration? // World Futures, 2012, Vol. 68/7, pp. 471-505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Human Development Data. Mean Years of Schooling 1980–2014. Mode of access:  http://hdr.undp.org/en/data Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey. Revolution and Democracy in the Context of the Globalization. In The Dialectics of Modernity – Recognizing Globalization. Studies on the Theoretical Perspectives of Globalization. Editor: Endre Kiss. Arisztotelész Kiadó (Publisherhouse Arostotelész). Budapest, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jahan, Selim (Ed.). Human Development Report 2015. Work for Human Development. New  York, NY – Washington, DC: UN Development Program – Communications Development,  2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey. Will the Global Crisis Lead to Global Transformations? 2. The Coming Epoch of New Coalitions // Journal of Globalization Studies, 2010, Vol. 1, No.2, pp. 166-183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jenkins, J. Craig; Wallace, Michael. The Generalized Action Potential of Protest  Movements: The New Class, Social Trends, and Political Exclusion Explanations // Sociological Forum, 1996, Vol. 11, No.2, pp. 183-207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groves, Adam. Discuss and Evaluate the Relationship between Poverty and Terrorism // E- International Relations. Mode of access: http://www.e-ir.info/2008/01/04/discuss- andevaluate-the-relationship-between-poverty-and-terrorism/Gurr, Ted Robert. Persistence and Change in Political Systems, 1800-1971 // American Political Science, 1974, Vol. 68 (December), pp. 1482-1504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kharas, Homi; Kohli, Harinder. What is the Middle Income Trap, Why Do Countries Fall  into It, and How Can It be Avoided // Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 2011, Vol. 3, No.3, pp. 281-289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall Robert L.; Rodeghier Mark; Useem, Bert. Effects of Education on Attitude to Protest. // American Sociological Review, 1986, Vol. 51, No.4, pp. 564-573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiendrebeogo, Youssouf; Ianchovichina, Elena. Who Supports Violent Extremism in  Developing Countries? Analysis of Attitudes Based on Value Surveys. Policy Research  Working Paper. Mode of access: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/06/02/090224b08438a637/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Who0supports0v0sed0on0value0surveys.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Human Development Data. Mean Years of Schooling 1980–2014. Mode of access: http://hdr.undp.org/en/data Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knutsen, Carl Henrik. Income Growth and Revolutions // Social Science Quarterly, 2014, Vol. 95, No.4, pp. 920-937.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jahan, Selim (Ed.). Human Development Report 2015. Work for Human Development. New York, NY – Washington, DC: UN Development Program – Communications Development, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kohli, Harpaul A.; Mukherjee, Natasha. Potential Costs to Asia of the Middle Income  Trap // Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 2011, Vol. 3, No.3, pp. 291- 311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jenkins, J. Craig; Wallace, Michael. The Generalized Action Potential of Protest Movements: The New Class, Social Trends, and Political Exclusion Explanations // Sociological Forum, 1996, Vol. 11, No.2, pp. 183-207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotayev, A.V.; Isaev, L.M.,; Vasil’ev, A.M. Kolichest vennyj analiz  revolyutsionnoj volny 2013–2014 gg. (Quantitative Analysis of Revolutionary Wave  2013- 2014) // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 2015, No.8 (376),pp. 119-127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kharas, Homi; Kohli, Harinder. What is the Middle Income Trap, Why Do Countries Fall into It, and How Can It be Avoided // Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 2011, Vol. 3, No.3, pp. 281-289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotayev, A.V.; Khalturina, D.A. Investitsii v bazovoe obrazovanie kak mera po  predotvrascheniyu sotsial’no– demografi cheskikh katastrof v razvivayuschikhsya stranakh (Investments in Basic Education as a Means to Avoid Social and Demographic  Catastrophes in Developing Countries) / Sistemnyj monitoring. Global’nye i  regional’nye riski / Ed. by D.A. Khalturina, A.V. Korotaev. 2010. Pp. 301-314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kiendrebeogo, Youssouf; Ianchovichina, Elena. Who Supports Violent Extremism in Developing Countries? Analysis of Attitudes Based on Value Surveys. Policy Research Working Paper. Mode of access: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2016/06/02 /090224b08438a637/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Who0supports0v0sed0on0value0surveys.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotayev, A. V., Malkov, A.S., Khalturina, D.A. Zakony istorii: Matematicheskoe  modelirovanie razvitiya Mir– Sistemy. Demografi ya, ehkonomika, kul’tura [The Laws of History: Mathematical Modeling of the Development of the World–System.  Demography, Economy, Culture]. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knutsen, Carl Henrik. Income Growth and Revolutions // Social Science Quarterly, 2014, Vol. 95, No.4, pp. 920-937.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotayev, A.V.; Slin’ko, E.V.; Shul’gin ,S.G.; Bilyuga ,S.E. Promezhutochnye tipy  sotsial’no–politicheskikh rezhimov i sotsial’no–politicheskaya nestabil’nost’: opyt  kolichestvennogo kross–natsional’nogo analiza (Transition Type of Social- Political  Regimes and Political Instability: Quantitative Cross-national Analysis) //  Politiya: Analiz. Khronika. Prognoz, 2016, No.3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kohli, Harpaul A.; Mukherjee, Natasha. Potential Costs to Asia of the Middle Income Trap // Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 2011, Vol. 3, No.3, pp. 291-311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotayev, Andrey V. Compact Mathematical Models of the World System Development and  Their Applicability to the Development of Local Solutions in Third World Countries.  In: J. Sheffi eld (ed.) // Systemic Development: Local Solutions in a Global Environment, 2009. Pp. 103-116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korotayev, Andrey V. Compact Mathematical Models of the World System Development and Their Applicability to the Development of Local Solutions in Third World Countries. In: J. Sheffi eld (ed.) // Systemic Development: Local Solutions in a Global Environment, 2009. Pp. 103-116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotayev, Andrey V.; Issaev, Leonid M.; Malkov, Sergey Y.; Shishkina, Alisa R.  Developing the Methods of Estimation and Forecasting the Arab Spring // Central  European Journal of International and Security Studies, 2013, Vol. 7 (4), pp. 28-58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korotayev, Andrey V.; Issaev, Leonid M.; Malkov, Sergey Y.; Shishkina, Alisa R. Developing the Methods of Estimation and Forecasting the Arab Spring // Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 2013, Vol. 7 (4), pp. 28-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotayev, Andrey V.; Issaev, Leonid M.; Malkov, Sergey Y.; Shishkina, Alisa R. The  Arab Spring: A Quantitative Analysis // Arab Studies Quarterly, 2014, Vol. 36 (2), pp. 149-169.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korotayev, Andrey V.; Issaev, Leonid M.; Malkov, Sergey Y.; Shishkina, Alisa R. The Arab Spring: A Quantitative Analysis // Arab Studies Quarterly, 2014, Vol. 36 (2), pp. 149-169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotayev, Andrey V.; Issaev, Leonid M.; Zinkina, Julia. Center-Periphery Dissonance  as a Possible Factor of the Revolutionary Wave of 2013–2014: A Cross–National analysis // Cross–Cultural Research, 2015, Vol. 49 (5), pp. 461-488.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korotayev, Andrey V.; Issaev, Leonid M.; Zinkina, Julia. Center-Periphery Dissonance as a Possible Factor of the Revolutionary Wave of 2013–2014: A Cross–National analysis // Cross–Cultural Research, 2015, Vol. 49 (5), pp. 461-488.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotayev, Andrey V.; Malkov, Artemy; Khaltourina, Daria. Introduction to Social  Macro-dynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korotayev, Andrey V.; Malkov, Artemy; Khaltourina, Daria. Introduction to Social Macro- dynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipset, Seymour M. Some Social Requisites of Democracy // American Political Science  Review, 1959, No.53, pp. 69-105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lipset, Seymour M. Some Social Requisites of Democracy // American Political Science Review, 1959, No.53, pp. 69-105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Londregan, John B.; Poole Keith T. Does High Income Promote Democracy? // World Politics, 1996, Vol. 4, pp. 1-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Londregan, John B.; Poole Keith T. Does High Income Promote Democracy? // World Politics, 1996, Vol. 4, pp. 1-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacCulloch, Robert. The Impact of Income on the Taste for Revolt // American Journal  of Political Science, 2004, Vol.48, No.4, pp. 830-848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacCulloch, Robert. The Impact of Income on the Taste for Revolt // American Journal of Political Science, 2004, Vol.48, No.4, pp. 830-848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacCuloch, Robert; Pezzini, Silvia. The Role of Freedom, Growth and Religion in the  Taste for Revolution // The Journal of Law &amp; Economics, 2010, Vol. 53, No.2, pp. 329-358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacCuloch, Robert; Pezzini, Silvia. The Role of Freedom, Growth and Religion in the Taste for Revolution // The Journal of Law &amp; Economics, 2010, Vol. 53, No.2, pp. 329-358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malkov, S.Yu.; Korotayev, A.V.; Isaev, L.M.; Kuz’minova, E.V. O metodike otsenki  tekuschego sostoyaniya i prognoza sotsial’noj nestabil’nosti: opyt kolichest vennogo analiza sobytij Arabskoj vesny (On Analysis Methodology of Current Social  Instability: Arab Spring Case) // Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniya, 2013, No.4, pp. 137-162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mansfi eld, Edward D.; Snyder, Jack. Democratization and the Danger of War // International Security, 1995, Vol. 20 (1), pp. 5-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mansfi eld, Edward D.; Snyder, Jack. Democratization and the Danger of War //  International Security, 1995, Vol. 20 (1), pp. 5-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marshall, Monty G.; Cole, Benjamin R. A Macro-Comparative Analysis of the Problem of Factionalism in Emerging Democracies. Paper presented at the 2008 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall, Monty G.; Cole, Benjamin R. A Macro-Comparative Analysis of the Problem of  Factionalism in Emerging Democracies. Paper presented at the 2008 annual meeting of  the American Political Science Association. Miguel, Edward; Satyanath, Shanker;  Sergenti, Ernest. Economic Shocks and Civil Confl ict: An Instrumental Variables  Approach // Journal of Political Economy, 2004,Vol. 112, No.4, pp. 725-753.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miguel, Edward; Satyanath, Shanker; Sergenti, Ernest. Economic Shocks and Civil Confl ict: An Instrumental Variables Approach // Journal of Political Economy, 2004,Vol. 112, No.4, pp. 725-753.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore, Barrington. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press, 1966.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore, Barrington. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press, 1966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parvin, Manoucher. Economic Determinants of Political Unrest: An Econometric  Approach // Journal of Confl ict Resolution, 1973, No.17(2), pp. 271-291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parvin, Manoucher. Economic Determinants of Political Unrest: An Econometric Approach // Journal of Confl ict Resolution, 1973, No.17(2), pp. 271-291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polity IV. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions,  1800–2014. Mode of access: http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polity IV. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2014. Mode of access: http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm Rueschemeyer, Dietrich; Stephens, Evelyne H.; Stephens, John D. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rueschemeyer, Dietrich; Stephens, Evelyne H.; Stephens, John D. Capitalist  Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sala-i-Martin, Xavier X. I Just Ran Four Million Regressions / National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 1997. No.6252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadovnichij, V.A.; Akaev, A.A.; Korotaev, A.V.; Malkov, S. Yu. Kachestvo  obrazovaniya, effektivnost’ NIOKR i ehkonomicheskij rost. Kolichestvennyj analiz i mate maticheskoe modelirovanie (The Quality of Education, Effi ciency of R&amp;D and  Economic Growth. Quantitative Analy sis and Mathematical Modeling). Moscow:  Lenand/URSS, 2016. 352 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. China 2030. Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society. Washington: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sala-i-Martin, Xavier X. I Just Ran Four Million Regressions / National Bureau of  Economic Research Working Paper, 1997. No.6252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ulfelder, Jay; Lustik, Michael. Modeling Transitions to and from Democracy // Democratization, 2007, Vol. 14 (April), pp. 351-387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The World Bank and the Development Research Center of the State Council of the  People’s Republic of China. China 2030. Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society. Washington: International Bank for Reconstruction and  Development, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vreeland, James R. The Effect of Political Regime on Civil War // Journal of Confl ict Resolution, 2008, Vol. 52(3), pp. 401-425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulfelder, Jay; Lustik, Michael. Modeling Transitions to and from Democracy //  Democratization, 2007, Vol. 14 (April), pp. 351-387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weede, Erich. Income Inequality, Average Income, and Domestic Violence // The Journal of Confl ict Resolution, 1981, Vol. 25, No.4, pp. 639-654.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vreeland, James R. The Effect of Political Regime on Civil War // Journal of Confl  ict Resolution, 2008, Vol. 52 (3), pp. 401-425.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Bank. World Bank Atlas Method. Mode of access: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378832-the-world-bank-atlas- method-detailedmethodology</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weede, Erich. Income Inequality, Average Income, and Domestic Violence // The  Journal of Confl ict Resolution, 1981, Vol. 25, No.4, pp. 639-654.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Washington DC: World Bank. Mode of access: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Bank. World Bank Atlas Method. Mode of access: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378832-the-world-bank- atlas-method-detailedmethodology World Bank. World Development Indicators Online.Washington DC: World Bank. Mode of access: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Bank. World Development Indicators Online.Washington DC: World Bank. Mode of access: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Bank. World Development Indicators Online. Washington DC: World Bank. Mode of  access: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
