<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">comparativepolitics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сравнительная политика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative Politics Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2221-3279</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-4990</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Издательская группа «Юрист»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18611/2221-3279-2012-3-3(9)-99-125</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">comparativepolitics-106</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЛОКАЛЬНОГО ОПЫТА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOCAL CASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭЛИТЫ ЭТНИЧЕСКИХ МЕНЬШИНСТВ В ПОСТКОММУНИСТИЧЕСКИХ СТРАНАХ: СЛУЧАЙ ЭСТОНИИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>ETHNIC MINORITY ELITES IN POST-COMMUNIST COUNTIRES: THE CASE OF ESTONIA</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руус</surname><given-names>Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruus</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ph.D., старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D., senior research fellow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Тарту</institution><country>Эстония</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Tartu</institution><country>Estonia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>3(9)</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>125</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Руус Ю., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Руус Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ruus J.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sravpol.ru/jour/article/view/106">https://www.sravpol.ru/jour/article/view/106</self-uri><abstract><p>Целью статьи является изучение моделей единства и фрагментации элит этнических меньшинств и их влияние на демократические процессы. В статье делается попытка проанализировать причины, по которым «голос» нетитульных элит не слышен в эстонской политике.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the article is to study the unity versus fragmentation patterns of minority elites and its influence on democratic processes. More generally, the article makes an attempt to analyse the reasons why the “voice“ of the noncore elite is not heard within Estonian polity.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>представительство элит</kwd><kwd>стратификация</kwd><kwd>сплоченность</kwd><kwd>единство</kwd><kwd>фрагментация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Elite representation</kwd><kwd>stratification</kwd><kwd>cohesion</kwd><kwd>unity</kwd><kwd>fragmentation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahl R. On Democracy. New Haven and London : Yale University Press, 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahl R. On Democracy. New Haven and London : Yale University Press, 1999.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pettai V. Estonia and Latvia // Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe / ed. by J. Zielonka, A. Pravda. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003. P. 265.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pettai V. Estonia and Latvia // Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe / ed. by J. Zielonka, A. Pravda. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003. P. 265.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalev L., Ruutsoo R. Citizenship policies between Nation-state building and Globalization: Attitudes of the decision Makers in Estonia // Studies of Transition States and Societies. 2009. № 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalev L., Ruutsoo R. Citizenship policies between Nation-state building and Globalization: Attitudes of the decision Makers in Estonia // Studies of Transition States and Societies. 2009. № 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lauristin M., Heidmets M. Learning from the Estonian case // The Challenge of the Russian Minority, Emerging Multicultural Democracy in Estonia / ed. by M. Lauristin, M. Heidments. Tartu : Tartu University press, 2002. P. 322, 327.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lauristin M., Heidmets M. Learning from the Estonian case // The Challenge of the Russian Minority, Emerging Multicultural Democracy in Estonia / ed. by M. Lauristin, M. Heidments. Tartu : Tartu University press, 2002. P. 322, 327.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higley J., Lengyel G. Elites After State Socialism.Theories and analysis, N.Y.Oxford : Rowman and Litttlefield, 2000. P. 40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higley J., Lengyel G. Elites After State Socialism.Theories and analysis, N.Y.Oxford : Rowman and Litttlefield, 2000. P. 40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higley J., Burton M. The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns // American Sociological Review. 1989. № 9 ; Higley J., Lengyel G. Elites After State Socialism.Theories and analysis. N.Y.Oxford : Rowman and Litttlefield, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higley J., Burton M. The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns // American Sociological Review. 1989. № 9 ; Higley J., Lengyel G. Elites After State Socialism.Theories and analysis. N.Y.Oxford : Rowman and Litttlefield, 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higley J., Lengyel G. Elites After State Socialism. Theories and analysis. N.Y.Oxford : Rowman and Litttlefield, 2000. P. 7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higley J., Lengyel G. Elites After State Socialism. Theories and analysis. N.Y.Oxford : Rowman and Litttlefield, 2000. P. 7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Best H. Changes in European Representative Elites // Elites: New Comparative Perspectives / ed. by M. Sasaki. Leiden, Boston : Brill, 2008. P. 73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Best H. Changes in European Representative Elites // Elites: New Comparative Perspectives / ed. by M. Sasaki. Leiden, Boston : Brill, 2008. P. 73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruostetsaari I. Nordic Elites in Comparartive Perspective // Elites. New Comparative Perspectives. Leiden, Boston : Brill, 2008. P. 145–146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruostetsaari I. Nordic Elites in Comparartive Perspective // Elites. New Comparative Perspectives. Leiden, Boston : Brill, 2008. P. 145–146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vihalemm T. Crystallizing and Emancipating Identities in Post-Communist Estonia // Identities, nations, and politics after Communism / ed. by R.E. Kanet. N.Y. : Routledge, 2008. P. 77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vihalemm T. Crystallizing and Emancipating Identities in Post-Communist Estonia // Identities, nations, and politics after Communism / ed. by R.E. Kanet. N.Y. : Routledge, 2008. P. 77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agarin T. A Cats Lick. Democratization and Minority Communities in the Post-Soviet Baltic. Amsterdam, N.Y. : Rodopi, 2010. P. 270, 273.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agarin T. A Cats Lick. Democratization and Minority Communities in the Post-Soviet Baltic. Amsterdam, N.Y. : Rodopi, 2010. P. 270, 273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Highley J., Burton M. Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy. Boulder : Rowman and Litttlefield, 2006 ; Steen A. Between Past and Future: Elites, Democracy and the State in Postcommunist Countries. A Comparison of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Farnham : Ashgate, 1997 ; Parry G. Political Elites. Colchester : ECPR Press, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Highley J., Burton M. Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy. Boulder : Rowman and Litttlefield, 2006 ; Steen A. Between Past and Future: Elites, Democracy and the State in Postcommunist Countries. A Comparison of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Farnham : Ashgate, 1997 ; Parry G. Political Elites. Colchester : ECPR Press, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zepa B. Integration Policies in Latvia: Acquisition and Failures // National Integration and Formation of Multi-Ethnic Society: Experiences in Estonia and Latvia after EU enlargement / ed. by Nobuya Hashimoto, Hiromi Komori. Nishinomiya, Japan : Kwansei Gakuin University, 2009. P. 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zepa B. Integration Policies in Latvia: Acquisition and Failures // National Integration and Formation of Multi-Ethnic Society: Experiences in Estonia and Latvia after EU enlargement / ed. by Nobuya Hashimoto, Hiromi Komori. Nishinomiya, Japan : Kwansei Gakuin University, 2009. P. 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burton M., Higley J. Political crises and elite settlements // Elites, Crises and the Origins of Regimes / ed. by M. Dogan, J. Higley. Oxford : Rowman and Litttlefield, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burton M., Higley J. Political crises and elite settlements // Elites, Crises and the Origins of Regimes / ed. by M. Dogan, J. Higley. Oxford : Rowman and Litttlefield, 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsilevich B. New democracies in the Old World: Remarks on Will Kymlicka`s Approach to Nation Building in post-Communist Europe // Western Political Theory and Ethnic relations in Eastern Europe. Can liberal pluralism be exported: Western Political Theory and Ethic relations in Eastern Europe / ed. by W. Kymlica, M. Opalski. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001. P. 157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsilevich B. New democracies in the Old World: Remarks on Will Kymlicka`s Approach to Nation Building in post-Communist Europe // Western Political Theory and Ethnic relations in Eastern Europe. Can liberal pluralism be exported: Western Political Theory and Ethic relations in Eastern Europe / ed. by W. Kymlica, M. Opalski. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001. P. 157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Highley J., Burton M. The Study of Political Elite Transformations // International Review of Sociology. 2001. № 2. P. 181–200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Highley J., Burton M. The Study of Political Elite Transformations // International Review of Sociology. 2001. № 2. P. 181–200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kruusvall J., Vetik R., Berry J. The Strategies of Interethnic adaptation of Estonian Russians // Studies of Transition and Societies. 2009. № 1. P. 14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruusvall J., Vetik R., Berry J. The Strategies of Interethnic adaptation of Estonian Russians // Studies of Transition and Societies. 2009. № 1. P. 14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulze J., Petersoo P. Interview Analysis: Media, NGO,s and Opinion Leaders. 2009 (unpublished). P. 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulze J., Petersoo P. Interview Analysis: Media, NGO,s and Opinion Leaders. 2009 (unpublished). P. 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hallik, Klara Kodakondsus ja Poliitiline Kaasatus // Monitooring (research findings). Tallinn : Institute of International and Social Studies, Tallinn University, 2005. P. 83 ; см. Приложение IV.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hallik, Klara Kodakondsus ja Poliitiline Kaasatus // Monitooring (research findings). Tallinn : Institute of International and Social Studies, Tallinn University, 2005. P. 83 ; см. Приложение IV.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahl R. Democracy and its critics. New Haven and London : Yale university press, 1989. P. 221.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahl R. Democracy and its critics. New Haven and London : Yale university press, 1989. P. 221.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pateman C. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge : Cambridge University press, 1970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pateman C. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge : Cambridge University press, 1970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schumpeter J.A. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. London : Allen and Unwin, 1943.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schumpeter J.A. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. London : Allen and Unwin, 1943.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A new balance: Democracy and Minorities in Post-Communist Europe / ed. by M. Robotin, L. Salat. Budapest : LGI books, Open Society Institute, 2003. P. 29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A new balance: Democracy and Minorities in Post-Communist Europe / ed. by M. Robotin, L. Salat. Budapest : LGI books, Open Society Institute, 2003. P. 29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kymlica W. Western Political Theory and Ethnic relations in Eastern Europe // Can liberal pluralism be exported: Western Political Theory and Ethic relations in Eastern Europe / ed. by W. Kymlica, M. Opalski. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001. P. 79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kymlica W. Western Political Theory and Ethnic relations in Eastern Europe // Can liberal pluralism be exported: Western Political Theory and Ethic relations in Eastern Europe / ed. by W. Kymlica, M. Opalski. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001. P. 79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vetik R. Ten years of Integration policies and processes in Estonia // National Integration and Formation of Multi-Ethnic Society: Experiences in Estonia and Latvia after EU enlargement / ed. by Nobuya Hashimoto, Hiromi Komori. Nishinomiya, Japan : Kwansei Gakuin University, 2009. P. 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vetik R. Ten years of Integration policies and processes in Estonia // National Integration and Formation of Multi-Ethnic Society: Experiences in Estonia and Latvia after EU enlargement / ed. by Nobuya Hashimoto, Hiromi Komori. Nishinomiya, Japan : Kwansei Gakuin University, 2009. P. 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kruusvall J.,Vetik R., Berry J. The Strategies of Interethnic adaptation of Estonian Russians // Studies of Transition and Societies. 2009. № 1. P. 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruusvall J.,Vetik R., Berry J. The Strategies of Interethnic adaptation of Estonian Russians // Studies of Transition and Societies. 2009. № 1. P. 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulze J. Understanding the “Conditionality Gap” in Estonia and Latvia The Influence of EU Conditionality and Russia’s Activism on Minority Inclusion. PhD thesis. Washington : George Washington University, 2009. P. 284, 304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulze J. Understanding the “Conditionality Gap” in Estonia and Latvia The Influence of EU Conditionality and Russia’s Activism on Minority Inclusion. PhD thesis. Washington : George Washington University, 2009. P. 284, 304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kruusvall J. Hinnang Lõimunise Edukusele,Tulevikuohud ja Tõrjuva Suhtumise Ilmingud // Monitooring 2005 (research findings). Tallinn : Institute of International and Social Studies, Tallinn University, 2005. P. 43, 44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kruusvall J. Hinnang Lõimunise Edukusele,Tulevikuohud ja Tõrjuva Suhtumise Ilmingud // Monitooring 2005 (research findings). Tallinn : Institute of International and Social Studies, Tallinn University, 2005. P. 43, 44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putnam R. Making Democracy work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NY : Princeton University press, 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putnam R. Making Democracy work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NY : Princeton University press, 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almond G., Verba S. The Civic Culture. Boston : Little Brown, 1965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almond G., Verba S. The Civic Culture. Boston : Little Brown, 1965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diamond L. Developing democracy. Toward Consolidation. Baltimore : John Hopkins University press, 1999. P. 207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diamond L. Developing democracy. Toward Consolidation. Baltimore : John Hopkins University press, 1999. P. 207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aström L. Local Elites support for Democracy in the Baltic states. Örebro University, unpublished. 2001. P. 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aström L. Local Elites support for Democracy in the Baltic states. Örebro University, unpublished. 2001. P. 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalton R.J. Democratic Challenges. Democratic Choices. The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford : Oxford Un.Press, 2004. P. 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalton R.J. Democratic Challenges. Democratic Choices. The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford : Oxford Un.Press, 2004. P. 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almond G., Verba S. The Civic Culture. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1963 ; Dahl R. Polyarchy; participation and opposition. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1971 ; Dahl R. On Democracy. New Haven and London : Yale University Press, 1999 ; Inglehart R. Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almond G., Verba S. The Civic Culture. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1963 ; Dahl R. Polyarchy; participation and opposition. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1971 ; Dahl R. On Democracy. New Haven and London : Yale University Press, 1999 ; Inglehart R. Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steen A. Recirculation and Expulsion: The New Elites in the Baltic States, working paper, forsningsnotat. Oslo University, 1994. P. 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steen A. Recirculation and Expulsion: The New Elites in the Baltic States, working paper, forsningsnotat. Oslo University, 1994. P. 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laagerpetz M. From NGO,s to Civil society: A Learning process // Non-Profit Sector and the Consolidation of Democracy. Studies on development of Civil society in Estonia / ed. by M. Laagepetz, A. Trummal, R. Ruutsoo, E. Rikmann. Tallinn : Kunst, 2004. P. 68 ; Agarin T. A Cats Lick. Democratization and Minority Communities in the Post-Soviet Baltic. Amsterdam, N.Y. : Rodopi, 2010. P. 287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laagerpetz M. From NGO,s to Civil society: A Learning process // Non-Profit Sector and the Consolidation of Democracy. Studies on development of Civil society in Estonia / ed. by M. Laagepetz, A. Trummal, R. Ruutsoo, E. Rikmann. Tallinn : Kunst, 2004. P. 68 ; Agarin T. A Cats Lick. Democratization and Minority Communities in the Post-Soviet Baltic. Amsterdam, N.Y. : Rodopi, 2010. P. 287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monitooring 2010. URL: http://www.slideshare.net/kultuuriministeerium/limumiskava-monitooring</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monitooring 2010. URL: http://www.slideshare.net/kultuuriministeerium/limumiskava-monitooring</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulze J., Petersoo P. Interview Analysis: Media, NGO,s and Opinion Leaders. 2009 (unpublished).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulze J., Petersoo P. Interview Analysis: Media, NGO,s and Opinion Leaders. 2009 (unpublished).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carens J.H. Citizenship in multicultural Societies // International seminar on Democracy, Multiculturalism and Armed Forces: “The Challenges to Human Security”. La Paz, Bolivia, March 2004. P. 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carens J.H. Citizenship in multicultural Societies // International seminar on Democracy, Multiculturalism and Armed Forces: “The Challenges to Human Security”. La Paz, Bolivia, March 2004. P. 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ellis S.G., Halfdanarson G., Isaacs A.K. Citizenship in historical perspective. Pisa : Edizioni Plus, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ellis S.G., Halfdanarson G., Isaacs A.K. Citizenship in historical perspective. Pisa : Edizioni Plus, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The politics of Reconciliation in Multicultural societies / ed. by W. Kymlica, B. Bashir. Oxford : Oxford University press, 2008. P. 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The politics of Reconciliation in Multicultural societies / ed. by W. Kymlica, B. Bashir. Oxford : Oxford University press, 2008. P. 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalev L., Ruutsoo R. Citizenship policies between Nation-state building and Globalization: Attitudes of the decision Makers in Estonia // Studies of Transition States and Societies. 2009. № 1. P. 6, 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalev L., Ruutsoo R. Citizenship policies between Nation-state building and Globalization: Attitudes of the decision Makers in Estonia // Studies of Transition States and Societies. 2009. № 1. P. 6, 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulze J. Understanding the “Conditionality Gap” in Estonia and Latvia The Influence of EU Conditionality and Russia’s Activism on Minority Inclusion. PhD thesis. Washington : George Washington University, 2009. P. 289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulze J. Understanding the “Conditionality Gap” in Estonia and Latvia The Influence of EU Conditionality and Russia’s Activism on Minority Inclusion. PhD thesis. Washington : George Washington University, 2009. P. 289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ibid. P. 285.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibid. P. 285.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parry G. Political Elites. Colchester: ECPR Press, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parry G. Political Elites. Colchester: ECPR Press, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">See Schulze J. Understanding the “Conditionality Gap” in Estonia and Latvia The Influence of EU Conditionality and Russia’s Activism on Minority Inclusion. PhD thesis. Washington : George Washington University, 2009. P. 272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">See Schulze J. Understanding the “Conditionality Gap” in Estonia and Latvia The Influence of EU Conditionality and Russia’s Activism on Minority Inclusion. PhD thesis. Washington : George Washington University, 2009. P. 272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A New Balance: Democracy and Minorities in Post-Communist Europe / ed. by M. Robotin, L. Salat. Budapest : LGI books, Open Society Institute, 2003. P. 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A New Balance: Democracy and Minorities in Post-Communist Europe / ed. by M. Robotin, L. Salat. Budapest : LGI books, Open Society Institute, 2003. P. 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
